Art and design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art and design - Essay Example The Harlem renaissance art borrowed heavily from post impressionism. The African American community came to understand that it was their time to flourish as human beings. This is usually referred to as the period of enlightenment for the African American artists and the people. This essay seeks to discuss the Harlem renaissance basing on the two prominent figures, Richmond Barthe and Aaron Douglas. It compares and contrasts their early life, their education and their contribution in the Harlem renaissance. Richmond Barthe was born in bay St Louis, Mississippi. This was on January 28, 1901. His father was sr. Richmond Barthe and his mother Marie clementine Robateau. His mother sewed to support the family and his father died when he was only a year old. His mother later remarried to Barthe’s godfather, William franklin. William had no stable job and he worked odd jobs to sustain the family. This included being the icemen to the local community. Interestingly, Barthe’s interest in art developed at a very tender age. Barthe himself mentions that his mother would keep him calm through giving him a piece of paper to draw on. This would allow the mother enough time to run the house errands (Schulman & Peter, 2009 p123). At the age of six years, Barthe began to paint after the master the mum sewed for gave him a set of water colors. At this age, Barthe could draw well. When Barthe was a teenager, his art was overdeveloped for his age. Most of his paintings captured his father’s ice customers and his mother’s sewing customers. Luckily as he helped his father in delivering ice during the summer, one of the customers noticed the hardship and helped him get a job in New Orleans (Black, 2009 p234). This family encouraged his art and as he worked as a houseboy, Barthe furthered his talent in art. It was around this time that Barthe met Lyle Saxon. This was a writer for the New

Surrealism and psychoanalysis in modernist poetry Essay

Surrealism and psychoanalysis in modernist poetry - Essay Example The essay "Surrealism and psychoanalysis in modernist poetry" states the surrealism and psychoanalysis. duration, and finally modern periods through literary advancements. Psychoanalysis involves a network of psychotherapeutic and psychological theories, originally explained by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has continuously expanded, revised and developed in many different directions. In psychoanalysis; there are many theoretical dimensions explaining the mental development of humans, hence this leads to many psychoanalysis treatments. Psychoanalysis is also used to refer to the study method of child development. Surrealism refers to cultural movement which began in the beginning of 1920s; the movement is best identified with its unique writings and artworks. Surrealism developed through the activities of Dada in the course of World War One, and Paris was the major venue for the movement. After the 1920s the cultural movement went global, and further affected countries’ litera ture, visual arts, music, language and social theory. Psychoanalysis has certain tenets: development of a person is through early childhood events in addition to inherited aspects of personality; irrational motivations influence human experience, attitude and mannerisms; irrational motivations are unconscious; psychological resistance is a defense mechanism, which develops when motivations or drives are turned into awareness; conflicts involving the conscious and the unconscious manifests through emotional disturbance.

Stigma of Tattoos in the Workplace

Stigma of Tattoos in the Workplace Anna Marks Jo Vale Abstract    This research looks at the stereotype of tattoos in the workplace today. The research draws upon mostly primary sources including telephone interviews and questionnaires. This report intends to demonstrate that social attitudes are changing in relation to tattoos and that by identifying that tattoos are a part of life now and will continue to be, the aim is to eliminate the assumption that all people with tattoos are involved with crime or unemployable. The results were surprising as they revealed that the younger generations were more conservative in relation to tattoos in a professional environment. Introduction By describing and analysing its most important aspects, this report intends to discuss and evaluate the results that originated through research into the stigma of tattoos in the workplace on people today. The issues covered by this report include; the percentage of people who feel discriminated against because of their tattoos and the people who dont agree with tattoos being on display in the workplace. This topic is important as now a fifth of all British adults have been tattooed (J Henley) and with that number, ever increasing tattoos are becoming the social norm, employers will have to start making some changes to their dress codes if they want a new generation of employees. Tattoos started as an exclusively female practice in ancient Egypt, mummies found with tattoos were usually dismissed and assumed they were of a dubious status (C Lineberry) and until the early 1990s this opinion was largely unchanged, with only 15% of baby boomers (born between 1946-1964) with tattoos and 59% having the opinion that if you had tattoos you were involved with crime or in enlisted military personnel. (J Squires) However, social attitudes are changing and that is simply not the case any more, with increasingly more professionals reporting they have tattoos. Methodology A mixed method approach was used as good variation in data collection usually, leads to greater validity within the work. This was demonstrated with a wide variety of responses from several different sources. The research was approached from a practical standpoint, qualitative and quantitative data was collected through interviews and questionnaires. Quantitate data provided much-needed clarification throughout the research process. However, this method of data collection limited participant responses and are, therefore of little use if depth is required. The methodological approach involved qualitative methods within the research. This method is more suitably used when less information is known, this allows those who do not want to share too much to contribute, without losing out on important information. However, there was a small percentage of people who preferred not to divulge that private information. Primary sources were used more broadly, as the research contained some questions which some might find sensitive in nature and it allowed the questions that needed to be asked, to be asked. This was initially deemed unsuitable for primary data collection, however, the anonymity of the primary data method essentially worked in favour of the research as participants were much more open with their answers when provided with secrecy. Secondary sources were very valuable within research as it allowed statistic comparison and outside data to aid preliminary research. Comparisons of documents and records as well as the use of the census were helpful and reinforced the primary research done. The use of secondary sources helped construct an argument that would have been difficult to make without this information. However, information gathered through this source did create reconsiderations on how to go about the research, for example, secondary data offered a new perspective which introduced new ideas and gave the research more range. Results and Findings The findings suggested that people, in general, did not feel as victimised over their tattoos in the workplace as initially thought, it can be seen from the evidence that out of 88 tattooed individuals aged 18-61 only 5 people felt that they had been treated differently at work or not gained employment because of their tattoos, the small 5.7% of people thought that They will affect me in the future.   A much higher percentage of people did not feel discriminated against for their tattoos as those who did. This was an unexpected finding. The findings showed 94.3% of people who were asked did not feel that their employers had any issues with their tattoos at all. The results showed expectedly that some of the over 30s disliked visible tattoos in the workplace and thought that they should be covered, with most describing them as unprofessional and inappropriate    61% of people who took the survey without tattoos felt they should be covered up. Of that 61%, only 27% of them were over 30 making the majority between 18-26-year-olds who were against visible tattoos in a professional environment Discussion Out of the vast majority of participants with tattoos, 97% did not have any involvement with the navy/army or with crime. It was initially thought that these percentages would be higher as the stigma of tattooed people being involved in crime and/or enlisted is a popular reason in which most people do not appear to like them, with 1 participant saying Tattoos only used to be for thugs. The original hypothesis does not fit with the results maintained through the research, it was initially thought that there would be a significant difference between a younger persons positive attitude to visible tattoos in the work-place than an older persons negative attitude. This was an unexpected finding, however, to try and explain this Wallop (2015) discussed the impact of the so-called midlife crisiss affecting those over 30 and how it is becoming increasingly common for them to get tattoos later in life Tattoos, are now as much a part of a midlife crisis as scouring Facebook for old flames. A recent survey found that almost a quarter of 30 to 59-year-olds have a tattoo somewhere on their body, compared with less than one in six of those aged between 18 and 24. This shows the stigma of tattoos falling away slowly and the older generation gradually backing down on the hardened stereotyped view of tattoos. Backing this theory up, an article from Forbes, published in 2011 argues that tattoos still have a negative impact on employment (L Faw) However, in 2013 they retracted their statement, saying tattoos were no longer a kiss of death in the workplace (R Hennessey) This correlates with the data collected through previous research that was conducted and is interesting because, with just 2 years difference it can be seen from the evidence that social attitudes appeared to have changed, these results present an interesting finding as it seems that it is millennials that have become more conservative in their views. However, a study by CareerBuilder showed that 31% of employers said that having a visible tattoo is one of the reasons they would be less likely to promote an individual (2011) 86% of young professionals do not think tattoos reduce the chance of getting jobs (A Mishra S Mishra) and that grooming and business attire were more important indicators in the hiring decision than tattoos and piercings (J McLeod) as well as feeling that they feel more approachable by younger generations in the workplace. Conclusion The thesis of this report was to analyse and discuss conducted research into the stigma of tattoos in the workplace. In conclusion, from the evidence presented in this report, it can be seen that the hypothesis does not connect with the results presented. Initially, it was thought that younger people would be more open to displaying tattoos at work, in fact, this was not the case. 72.2% of 18-26-year-olds do not think tattoos showing in the workplace is appropriate, it was the older generation that had fewer problems with tattoos. However, with no information from the age range spanning between 27-29 statistics, it would be irresponsible to presume the figures that they fit into. Tattoos have been here for a long time and the findings suggest that they will be around for a lot more. It seems that tattoos may become more acceptable not only in the workplace but in general society References The rise and rise of the tattoo, J Henley, Tuesday 20 July 2010 https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/jul/20/tattoos Visible Tattoos And Other Corporate No-Nos, Larissa Faw, October 25 2011, http://www.forbes.com/sites/forbeswomanfiles/2011/10/25/visible-tattoos-and-other-corporate-no-nos/#363efdd3670f Tattoos No Longer A Kiss Of Death In The Workplace, Rachel Hennessey, February 27, 2013 http://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelhennessey/2013/02/27/having-a-tattoo-and-a-job/#120e998d5b92 Anurag Mishra Sasmita Mishra p.3, April, 2015 http://www.ijird.com/index.php/ijird/article/view/69975/54946 The Hidden Mark: An Ethnographic Examination of Visibility in Heavily Tattooed Professionals, Josh M. McLeod p.23 https://dspace.royalroads.ca/bitstream/handle/10170/703/mcleod_josh.pdf?sequence=1isAllowed=y Harris Interactive on behalf of CareerBuilder June 29, 2011, Bad Breath, Heavy Cologne and Wrinkled Clothes Among Factors That Can Make You Less Likely to Get Promoted, http://www.careerbuilder.com/share/aboutus/pressreleasesdetail.aspx?sd=6%2F30%2F2011id=pr642ed=12%2F31%2F2011 Bibliography The National Archives http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ The Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/annie-singer/tattoos-in-the-workplace-_b_9321408.html

Overview of the 60`s :: The Sixties American History Essays

Overview of the 60`s missing works cited Many social changes that were addressed in the 1960s are still the issues being confronted today. the '60s was a decade of social and political upheaval. in spite of all the turmoil, there were some positive results: the civil rights revolution, john f. Kennedy's bold vision of a new frontier, and the breathtaking advances in space, helped bring about progress and prosperity. however, much was negative: student and anti-war protest movements, political assassinations, and ghetto riots excited american people and resulted in lack of respect for authority and the law. The decade began under the shadow of the cold war with the soviet union, which was aggravated by the u-2 incident, the berlin wall, and the cuban missile crisis, along with the space race with the ussr. The decade ended under the shadow of the viet nam war, which deeply divided americans and their allies and damaged the country's self- confidence and sense of purpose. Even if you weren't alive during the '60s, you know what they meant when they said, "tune in, turn on, drop out." you know why the nation celebrates Martin luther king, jr.'s birthday. all of the social issues are reflected in today's society: the civil rights movement, the student movement, space exploration, the sexual revolution, the environment, medicine and health, and fun and fashion. The Civil Rights Movement The momentum of the previous decade's civil rights gains led by rev. Martin luther king, jr. carried over into the 1960s. but for most blacks, the tangible results were minimal. only a minuscule percentage of black children actually attended integrated schools, and in the south, "jim crow" practices barred blacks from jobs and public places. New groups and goals were formed, new tactics devised, to push forward for full equality. as often as not, white resistance resulted in violence. this violence spilled across tv screens nationwide. the average, neutral american, after seeing his/her tv screen, turned into a civil rights supporter. Black unity and white support continued to grow. in 1962, with the first large-scale public protest against racial discrimination, rev. Martin luther king, jr. Gave a dramatic and inspirational speech in washington, d.c. After a long march of thousands to the capital. the possibility of riot and bloodshed was always there, but the marchers took that chance so that they could accept the responsibilities of first class citizens. "the negro," King said in this speech, "lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity and finds himself an exile in his own land." King continued stolidly: "it would be

Impulse to Create Art Essay

This paper will provide a brief explanation on why humans have a great tendency to be creative and impulsive in creating art. This presumption will be based on the readings that have been used for class. Although not greatly thorough in it is depth and breadth in its analysis, Raymond Carver’s Cathedral and Emily Dickinson’s I died for Beauty are but an infinitesimal example on how humans have always had great capabilities in creating whatever it is they put their minds into. The Possibilities of Change and Creation: An Essay on the Human’s Impulse to Create Art To Live. That is one of Man’s most basic instinct. This is so intrinsic that one of the last taboos of the modern world is the acceptance of self-annihilation. Robert, the main protagonist in Carver’s Cathedral is more than just an ignorant man, he is the kind that couldn’t even bear to name the blind man who was his house guest. Compare him to the speaker in Dickinson’s I Died for Beauty, who has â€Å"scarcely adjusted herself† when she befriends the man who had died for truth. These two very dead people are more alive than the whiskey-sipping Robert. But there is the inevitable change, of the possibility of change: â€Å"I dwell in Possibility– /A fairer House than Prose– /More numerous of Windows– /Superior–for Doors—† (Dickinson, 1886, p. 926). It is this possibility, this impulse of life that makes us different from the written lives that we are constantly made to read. Give any child a pen and a paper, regardless of its ability to write, it will surely know as if by instinct that the pen is used to create something on paper. This same child with its impulse to throw or to taste plastic blocks will also surely put one block on top of the other, to form something even a shape crooked and unstable. It is a genetic imprint in us, and will remain in us as long as we live—because, that possibility exists. Moreover, as Dickinson had equated Truth and Beauty, those two noble purposes of artistic creation – this is Man surpassing time and death. To create is to leave a testament to our existence that we are reading the words of long-dead people attest to the supremacy of creation over time and death. Robert, dead-like in his ignorance and inarticulacy, and the other man, blind but seeing the possibilities of life—together these two men who are temporarily brought together by death (the blind man’s wife) are drawn to create a Cathedral. The cathedral, that massive structure of faith, stone and of the ego that Robert is unable to describe to the man but with whom now he is able to draw with – that pen and paper drawing of that idea: â€Å"So we kept on with it. His fingers rode my fingers as my hand went over the paper. It was like nothing else in my life up to now† (Carver, 1984, p. 455). For until that time that we could do something on our own, even if it is riding our own bike or making our first lopsided ashtray, we are but half-alive. We to have these cathedrals in our minds, and as long as the moss has not covered our lips, â€Å"The spreading wide my narrow Hands/To gather Paradise—† (Carver, 1984, p. 455), we too are free to the possibilities of life. And with life is creation—with small fidgety fingers, we can still tap that subway tune or doodle in Chemistry class. We can still look at the sky with flight in our minds. It is life. References Carver, R. (1984). Cathedral. Ed. R. DiYanni. Literature, Reading Fiction, Poetry, And Drama. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007. (p. 455) Dickinson, E. (1886). I Died For Beauty. Ed. R. DiYanni. Literature, Reading Fiction, Poetry, And Drama. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007. (p. 926)

Amendment Right

Many American citizens take their civil liberties for granted. Many do not realize how valuable their rights and privileges under the United States Constitution really are, until they begin to be taken away. The Fourth Amendment, essentially the right to privacy, is slowly being stripped from the American citizen. The use of TEMPEST, or sophisticated eavesdropping technology to intercept information, including telephone monitoring and video surveillance, is unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution.The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution states that people have the right to privacy in their person, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, and that people should not be violated, and no warrants issued, unless there is probable cause. (â€Å"U. S. Constitution: Fourth Amendment†, 2009) The Fourth Amendment clearly outlines that the American citizen has a right to privacy from the government. This i ncludes privacy not only in their homes, but out in public.For instance, anyone can observe another in public, such as walking down the street. However, when law enforcement officials begin to observe regular citizens in their everyday routine, such as going to work, going to the grocery store, picking up their children from school, and the like, that citizen's right to privacy has been violated. To understand how sophisticated eavesdropping technology to intercept information is a violation of the Fourth Amendment, one must realize how it works.TEMPEST is a code name for studies and investigations of compromising emanations. Compromising emanations are unintentional signals that can send information to a remote source. For instance, computers, telephones, and video surveillance cameras release interference into their surrounding environment. This interference creates signals that bear some relationship to what was originally caught. Essentially, TEMPEST equipment can remotely mirro r what is being done on another device. This is, in its purest form, eavesdropping.(Pike, 2000) In the case of Kyllo versus the United States, which was argued on February 20, 2001 and decided on June 11, 2001, is an example of the violation of the Fourth Amendment. Law enforcement was suspicious that marijuana was being grown in petitioner Kyllo's home in a triplex, and therefore, used thermal imaging devices to detect unusual heat sources, perhaps from heat lamps necessary for growing marijuana. Scanning the outside of the house, the agents detected hot spots coming from Kyllo's garage.The agents obtained a search warrant, and did indeed find marijuana plants. The evidence was then seized from Kyllo's home. The Ninth Circuit Court decided that the thermal imaging was not in violation of the Fourth Amendment because Kyllo had shown no attempt to conceal the heat coming from his home, and even if he had, law enforcement agents were still in the clear because the thermal imaging did not expose any intimate details of Kyllo's life. However, law enforcement used devices that were not in general, public use.They used these devices to â€Å"explore details of a private home that would previously have been unknowable without physical intrusion. † On these grounds, Kyllo decided to appeal, holding fast to the claim that the surveillance was a violation of the Fourth Amendment. Ultimately, the Court decided that the use of the thermal imaging device to obtain information was a violation of Kyllo's right to privacy under the Fourth Amendment. The Court rejected law enforcement's argument that the thermal imaging must be upheld because it detected only heat from the exterior of the house.Law enforcement's argument was rejected because it left the homeowner to the mercy of technology. Law enforcement's argument that the thermal imaging must be upheld because it did not detect intimate details was also rejected because all details concerning a home are intimate det ails. (â€Å"Kyllo v. United States†, 2001) Technology has advanced to the point that the public should be aware of possible videotaping and other types of eavesdropping. For example, hidden cameras scanned the faces of all of the Super Bowl attendees as they entered the stadium in January of 2001.The pictures were then compared with local, state, and FBI files of known criminals and terrorists. The attendees had no idea they were being watched. The federal government, in addition to local law enforcement, is beginning to strip away Americans' right to privacy. On September 11, 2001, the attacks on the World Trade Centers exposed the vulnerability of America to terrorism. In response, Congress quickly passed the Patriot Act. The Patriot Act is supposed to provide important national security measures, such as the removal of a statute on limitations for terrorism offenses.However, it also increased the government's ability to conduct unwarranted surveillance on innocent individ uals without making sure that abuses of power were limited. These examples illustrate the tension between preserving national security and preventing unwarranted government infringement on civil liberties. This infringement is a violation of the Fourth Amendment. (Chandler, 2006) In the months following the attacks on September 11, 2001, everyone was quick to point out a possible terrorist.People paid attention to what others said, and how they said it, and individuals paid more attention to what they were saying to others. For instance, it was within the realm of possibility that a man in a grocery store, having a casual conversation with someone else, mentions his disagreement with the United States government. Surprised by the FBI at his home a few hours later, he is informed that the individual he had the conversation with at the grocery store believed that his disagreement with the United States government was grounds for informing federal law enforcement of possible terrorist actions.Not only did scenarios such as this happen, but the government monitored telephone conversations. The law was that telephone conversations can be monitored by law enforcement or by the telephone company. The telephone company can monitor conversations for a number of reasons, including to provide service, inspect the telephone system, monitor the quality of the service, or to protect against service theft or harassment. However, law enforcement can only listen in on telephone conversations with â€Å"probable cause.† (â€Å"Wiretapping/Eavesdropping†, 1993) In other words, if one is known to be a hit man, law enforcement can eavesdrop on that individual's telephone conversations not only to find out if he will go through with committing murder, but also to find out who else is involved. Law enforcement must obtain a court order to eavesdrop on others telephone conversations. However, after September 11th, it was rumored that the federal government monitored all telephone conversations for key words such as bomb, terrorist, etc.The Bush administration repeatedly insisted that the only telephone conversations they eavesdropped on without court orders were those who were suspected of being linked to al Qaida or other terrorist groups. It is true, however, that after September 11th, the Bush administration made efforts to collect vast amounts of information about Americans' travel, tax and medical records, e-mails, and credit card purchases. (Landay, 2008) This was all done under the guise of the Patriot Act, which essentially made the Fourth Amendment null and void.In addition to listening in on telephone conversations, the United States watches the American public through surveillance cameras. Thousands of cameras, both public and private, dot parks and city streets. Once an individual is out in public, the Courts deem those individuals as no longer having any privacy, at least while they are in public. Most people are not aware that they a re being watched. If they do know, they do not control what their images are being used for. Most cameras are mounted in trees, on streetlight and traffic poles, on public buildings, on subway platforms, and installed in buses and subway cars.These cameras are everywhere, and there are more that cannot be seen. Police officials refuse to tell the public about where the other cameras are because they claim that information would â€Å"undermine law enforcement's effectiveness. One of the major problems with hidden cameras in public areas is that cameras penetrate deeper than anyone staring at an individual. If another person is staring at someone, all that person has to do is stare back to discourage the intrusion. However, one cannot stare back at a camera if they do not know where it is. Even if they did know where it was, the eye of the camera would not stop staring.People behave differently when they think they are alone, and even if one does know about the cameras, the cameras then do not fix the problem. Hidden cameras serve as â€Å"super cops. † These cameras can zoom in to single out a particular individual or to read a letter someone is holding, and can see in the dark due to infrared technology. In the past, police could not do this without probable cause and obtaining a search warrant. In addition to these benefits to law enforcement, cameras can be put in places where a human being could not possibly be, such as perched high atop the side of a building.These cameras were originally touted as tools to aid in the catching of terrorists and violent criminals, and to prevent serious crimes. The cameras have not done this. The only criminals these cameras have caught are minor offenders such as petty thieves and concert-ticket scalpers. For example, in Washington D. C. , New York City, and San Diego, cameras that were originally meant to catch serious offenders now only catch red-light runners, speeders, and others who park illegally. The proble m is this: The faces of random people on the street are being compared with those of criminals.All of this is being done with no probable cause. Law enforcement targets ethnic and racial minorities, and that coupled with false-positive matches means that innocent people will be arrested for no apparent reason. Even though the Supreme Court has never tried a case where someone claimed the Fourth Amendment was violated because of public surveillance, the Court would most likely find that electronic monitoring of public areas is not a violation of the Fourth Amendment. Technology is beginning to take over American society.Each intrusion into Americans' privacy is being introduced as a tool to weed out the harmful individuals. Drug testing and EZ Passes are good examples. At first, drug testing was only used for high security jobs, and now students in extracurricular activities at school are subject to them. EZ Passes were introduced in order to lessen traffic congestion, and now they a re being used to issue tickets to speeders. Every tool introduced as being â€Å"important† and â€Å"helpful† in the fight against crime is now being used to trap innocent citizens, citizens who at first thought these tools were a good idea.Sociologist Gary Marx explains, â€Å"Once the new surveillance systems become institutionalized and taken for granted in a democratic society, they can be used against those with the ‘wrong' political beliefs; against racial, ethnic, or religious minorities; and against those with lifestyles that offend the majority. † No one will use public areas if they believe or know they are being watched. The author believes that spaces that are accessible, not defensive, will be used more. The more people use these areas, the safer they will be.There are more good people than bad in the world, therefore, the chances of someone getting attacked in a group of people are extremely slim. Video surveillance creates insecurity, not a sense of safety. Congress has not yet addressed video surveillance. Hawaii and California have laws to limit video surveillance, and a handful of states have heightened protection of the right to privacy written into their state constitutions. However, even though video surveillance is more intrusive than telephone monitoring, there is currently no federal legislation to govern video surveillance. (Smithsimon, 2003)In conclusion, the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution is being violated in today's society due to telephone monitoring and video surveillance. Telephone monitoring and video surveillance have secretly crept upon the average American. Most do not give a second thought, or even know, about these types of violations of privacy. Perhaps the average American is aware of the possibility, but tries not to think about such a disturbing and chilling thought. If the average American citizen knew that someone was watching them as they went about their daily business , feelings of paranoia and possibly fear would begin to take root.America would not feel free any longer. This can be likened to driving at the speed limit when a police officer is driving within close proximity. One is on his/her best behavior, however, when the police officer can no longer be seen, that same person that was on their best behavior just moments before, resumes their fast, reckless ways. However, there is no escape from the cameras that could possibly be watching each and every American. It is amazing how much Americans take for granted, including the civil liberties, the rights and privileges, that the American holds so dear.– (1993). Wiretapping/Eavesdropping on Telephone Conversations: Is There Cause for Concern? Retrieved May 18, 2009, from Privacy Rights. http://www. privacyrights. org/fs/fs9-wrtp. htm – (2001). Kyllo v. United States. Retrieved May 18, 2009, from Find Law. http://caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/scripts/getcase. pl? navby=CASE&court=US&v ol=533&page=27 – (2009). U. S. Constitution: Fourth Amendment. Retrieved May 18, 2009, from Find Law. http://caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/data/constitution/amendment04/ – Chandler, S. A. (Fall 2006). Collateral Damage?The Impact of National Security Crises on the Fourth Amendment Protection against Unreasonable Searches. University of Pittsburgh Law Review. 68(1), 217-41. – Landay, Jonathan S. (2008). Did U. S. Government Snoop on Americans' Phone Calls? Retrieved May 18, 2009, from McClatchy Newspapers. http://www. mcclatchydc. com/257/story/53703. html – Pike, John. (2000). TEMPEST. Retrieved May 18, 2009, from Intelligence Resource Program. http://www. fas. org/irp/program/security/tempest. htm – Smithsimon, M. (Winter 2003). Private Lives, Public Spaces: The Surveillance State. Dissent. 50(1), 43-9.

Serenas Diner

Serenas Diner Free Online Research Papers It’s been eight years to the day since Mama died of lung cancer, and I’m still stuck in this dead-end town managing her little diner. Of course, my big brother hasn’t been much of a help since he took up the bottle, but to be frank, I can’t much blame him for wanting to drown his sorrows. He turned thirty years old last month and he’s never had a steady girlfriend or a good job. A man’s missing something in his life when he hasn’t traveled thirty miles from the place he was born. He was trapped here from the day Mama brought him into the world, and he’ll be stuck here ‘til the good Lord decides to take him home. Not that my life story is much different. I was born and raised here in Georgia with my big brother Bobby and my little sister Sue, and I’ve had a couple of exciting things happen in my life. I even once had a fiancà ©, but he went and joined up with the army before we could be wed. I also went to college for a while in the city, but I quit when Mama got really sick. Now I’m twenty-eight. Mama’s long gone, and I’m still working at her cafà ©, hardly making enough to keep Bobby and me alive. Sometimes I get so lonely down here. It would be nice if Sue paid a visit once in a while, but I suppose she’s got her own priorities, what with her new apartment and husband and all. She’s the only one of us ever to get a good education and break the family mould. We were all terribly proud of her, until she decided she was better than we were and she and Mama started fighting. Sue was just hurt that Daddy was never part of our life. Mama was hurt too, and I was hurt that Sue couldn’t be more sympathetic. It was a big circle of hurt for a while before things settled down again. Mama couldn’t help what happened. Daddy started drinking after Bobby was born, and killed himself two weeks after I was born. Guess he just couldn’t handle family life. I’ve struggled with it myself, but he’s long gone and there are some things you just can’t change, no matter how much you wish you could. Daddy called it Serena’s Diner, named after Mama. It’s old fashioned, but the customers don’t mind. As long our coffee is strong and cheap, they keep to themselves. Every day I open up at five in the morning, when the farm workers get up and grab a cup before going to work. They’re a mellow crowd, consisting mostly of tired old men, wizened by age and experience. Their cigarette smoke stinks up the dining room and forces me to recall Mama and the way she smoked two packs a day. Listening to their stories is a way to pass the time, but after a while they start to repeat themselves. Next, the regular townsfolk come around. If I ever do leave this town, the community is what I’d miss. They gather for a bite to eat and conversation before they leave for work. They take their time, sharing gossip and news before starting their day. Though I’ve never been especially close to anyone in my twenty-eight years living in town, I do keep up with the current events by eavesdropping every once in a while. Throughout the day, people come and go. I keep the coffeepot warm and sweep out the kitchen again. It’s a simple life; one I’m accustomed to. There’s a security to it. I could leave and make a home in a more exciting place, but you know the old saying that goes ‘home is where the heart is’, and this is my home. Mama raised us in the tiny second floor apartment above the cafà ©, where her mama raised her. She was born in that apartment, and died in it, too. She worked in this cafà © from the day she was able to, ‘til the day she was too weak to stand anymore. No matter how many times I think I resent the cafà ©, or Daddy, or Sue and Bobby, or sometimes even Mama for leaving us stuck in this place, I always remind myself that this is home. Home is where your heart is. So, when I hang the ‘closed’ sign on the front door and close up for the night, and I feel the tiniest bit of regret for sticking around, I pause for a moment to remember how much Mama loved me, Bobby and Sue, Daddy, and this cafà ©. I turn the lights off and look at the starry Georgia sky to think. Home is where the heart is, and my heart is in Serena’s Diner. Research Papers on Serena's DinerHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyStandardized Testing19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsTrailblazing by Eric AndersonLifes What IfsThe Hockey Game

Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China Essay Example

Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China Essay Example Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China Essay Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China Essay The rapid increase in the trade deficit is sharpening Sino-US trade friction. On the one hand, American accused that Chinese used unreasonable exchange rate policy and dumping strategy, which increase unemployment in US, in addition, this result in damage to American economy. So US government pushes strong pressure to Chinese government for appreciation of the RMI. On the other hand, American government takes some protectionist policies, such as raises tariffs, anti-dumping and other policies. As known, trade protectionism will only lead to world trade war which damage to the overall welfare of general public. Actually, trade protection is widespread in many nations. Several experts have explained from a political economic perspective. The overriding presumption of world trade presents varying views on one hand, free trade can increase the international interests with maximum restriction. On the other hand, unilateral liberalizing of trade can enhance a nations benefit with maximum restriction. Therefore, rational understanding of the causes Sino-USA trade conflicts bears important practical significance to prevent trade protectionism. In recent years, America trade deficit with China continued to increase. In 2001, American trade deficit with China reached 83 billion , which soared to 103 billion in 2002, and climbed to 124 billion in 2003. A rapid increase in the trade deficit is sharpening Sino-US trade friction. On the one hand, American accused that Chinese used unreasonable exchange rate policy and dumping strategy, which increase unemployment in US, and result in damage to American economy. So US government pushes strong pressure to Chinese policies against Chinese color TV, furniture and textile, and other products. Trade friction was defined as confrontation between various countries, which defend for heir own interests by taking economic, political, military, import restrictions and expanding exports, with the core objective to adopt various means to fight for the world market (Petri Crook, 2007). For example, a country limit the number of importing goods coming the country, will get corresponding retaliatory measures, which formed the trade friction. Some developed countries with advanced environmental protection technology, make a very high environmental standards to protect the domestic goods, forming a green trade friction with other countries. The duty of international economics suggests that, there are two basic reasons for countries in international trade, namely comparative advantage and scale economy. Comparative advantage and scale economy economies constitutes the origin and development of international trade, also contains the undercurrent against international trade. Participating in international economic intercourse, being engaged in international trade, whether it is for comparative advantage or for reasons of scale economy, the trade income can not be equally balanced. And some countries even lose benefits from trade. A typical example of such trade is North- South trade, which causes increasing global wealth gap between the south countries and the north countries. Thus, the existence of non-balance pattern of international trade, results in todays world trade policy environment and trade disputes. With the development of globalization, the economic ties between countries are increasingly close. Economic internationalization and economic development has gradually deepened. Economic globalization makes the world resources get reasonable allocation (Petri. Crook, 2007). This requires a global unified trade rules. However, the political system is not uniform, so it is easy to cause trade friction. In the era of economic globalization, global production and unified world market, it needs a unified global standard competition rules. But in fact, a variety of domestic regulations have serious impacts on the economic development and trade between countries . At the same time, as a result of economic globalization, the competition among countries is gradually strengthening. But at the same time, the international environment is complex and changeable, and unstable and uncertain factors are increasing. The developed countries will take the economic and scientific dominance for a long time, which aggravate the imbalance in world economic development. The rise of trade protectionism has brought new challenges to many countries. In this context, increasing trade friction is the normal state. Because of this, some experts claimed that global economy has entered a so-called trade friction era. In the era of economic globalization today, because all the countries in the world are seeking to maximize their own interests, trade friction will be normal. Economic globalization is triggered another important reason of Sino-US trade friction. Because China is a developing country with imperfect economic and political system, which is different from USA, it is easily leads to trade friction. As long as the two sides follow the principle of equality and mutual benefit, the friction can be completely resolved. However, the Sino-US trade friction has intensified these days. If it can not be solved correctly, it will seriously affect the bilateral trade relationship development and the economic sustainable development. POP-Unified On March 16th, 2007, an American pet food manufacturer announced the recall of a large number of pet foods from the North American market. The U. S. Media said pet food poisoning was from China source. In June, Chinese toys encountered cold wind, USA companies announced three massive recalling of 21 million Chinese toy productions, which involving exceeded standard of paint and lead for coating. In order to balance the trade deficit, the restriction policy, in general, is not helpful to increase the total economy and welfare of USA. It is proved by economic theories that free trade can improve allocation of resources and social welfare. In fact, imported cheap products can curb rising prices. With deepening of trade liberalizing, various countries have cut riffs barriers. But as substantial reduction in tariff levels, at the same time, countries also sought non-tariff barriers to protect domestic industry. Anti-dumping is a kind of important non-tariff barrier. Due to its characteristics of damage and convenient operation, it is allowed by WTFO rules as trade remedy measure. So it is popularly adopted around the world. America as the number one economy in the world has a long history of antiquating to limit foreign imports and to protect their own particular industry. With increasing GATORS trade talks was held successfully, USA and other industrialized countries cut the tariff level down to 4. So America takes anti-dumping as powerful weapon. In recent years, there is growing number of anti- dumping cases. China is USA important trade partner since establishment of diplomatic relation in 1979, bilateral trade volume increased year by year. But at the same time, USA trade deficit with China increased, resulting in bilateral trade friction happened frequently. USA builds high no-tariff barriers on Chinese products, and frequently uses various means to limit imports of Chinese products. Therefore, anti- mumping has become one of the most important means. Bonn and McCullough (2005) pointed out that, ISIS anti-dumping measures has been obvious discriminatory to China. Since 1990, China has become the number one target of America anti- dumping investigation. China is often the only countries being investigated. II. Literature review In the field of international economy, trade friction has a long history, with the early trade disputes including Anglo-Hansen trade war, Franco-Italian trade war and Hawley Smooth trade war. Since sass, with the deepening of economic globalization, the trade protectionism, is sweeping across the world. The trade friction between the countries has shown new trends and characteristics, which are diversified, concealed, and efficient. The trade conflicts between developed countries and developing countries, especially Sino-US trade friction, have become the focus of concern. Various theorists have studied trade conflicts from political and economic approach (Baldwin, 1985 Leverage, 1983 Rowley et al, 1995). At present, many scholars put forward that the trade frictions generated in the political process. Political economy about trade originated in the inability to explain trade intervention logic in real international trade. The classical trade theory or new trade theory can not explain trade intervention policy, which has prompted economists to search trade policy from a new point of view. A formed policy will impact different interest groups, mainly influence their benefits. The traditional economic theory explained that government behaviors are driven by external actors. Political economic theory makes a breakthrough to consider the influence different interests groups. The political economic approach of trade policy can clearly explain forming process and operation mode of the political market. Stiller (1971) pointed out that, interest groups through lobbying and pressing politicians to seek their favorable policies. The politicians who seek political support minimization would likely to give favorable policies to specific interest groups. So, political market, in which a public policy is the commodity, is formed, with interest groups as the buyers, politicians as commodity sellers. Grossman and Hellman (1994) created a description of interaction model describing government and interest groups. The authors assumed that interest groups are consisted of exclusive elements, which provide the government with the lattice capital and in return they seek for tariffs or export subsidies. Different political donations are corresponding to different tariffs or subsidies, which formed the so-called donation price list. Grossman and Hellman believed that protection level is positively related to capability of interest groups, but is negatively correlated with the elasticity of import demand. The above documents indicated that interest groups eventually will have an important impact on trade policy, but the interest groups lobbying and donation activities are directed at the Congress, not for the TIT and TIC members. Baldwin (1985) set up a bridge between interest groups and the government officials. He pointed out that, the important congressional committee can exert very important influence on the process of TIC, because members of Congress can not only directly persuade and press members of TIC, but also can control TIC through budget constraint. When a member of some interest groups, for example, a manufacturer or labor organization, puts forward anti-dumping litigation, he will see help from closely related members. Congressmen put pressure on the TIT and TIC, so that the decision is beneficial to the interest group. Hansen the empirical test (1990) confirmed Baldwin hypothesis (1985), she pointed out that members of Congress can to control the administrative officials through a series of incentive measures, such as budget allocation, oversight hearings, legislative activities, public opinion propaganda and so on. Different from the above view, Appellant. Et. Al. (1976) pointed out that the government rarely seeks to maximize social welfare policy the government is seeking policies that made the political support minimization. These policies typically reflect interests of the most influential interest groups. In fact, economists and political scientists have paid great attention to influence of interest group on trade policy. The earliest literature can be traced back to Starchinesss Politics, Pressure and the Tariff. In this book, Scatterbrained studied the influence of interest group in American Smooth Hawley Act in 1929-1930, which opened up the study of interest groups role in the formation of trade policy. In the sass, C. P. Kindergrtner published Group Behavior and International Trade. He proposed, in some cases, international trade can be studies from national group action. He analyzed the status hanged of different interest groups in European countries. Obviously, Scatterbrained and Kindergrtners study on the interest group mainly referred from study methods of sociology and politics. After the theory of public choice in sass-sass, scholars have conducted in-depth analysis of influence of interest group on trade policy. In sass, especially after sass, many scholars have studied the formation process trade protection, and put forward different political economy model. Grossman and Hellman (1994) developed a formal framework to integrate the domestic politics into international trade relations. They assumed that the government is both concerned about the general interests of voters and special interests of political donations. They analyzed the game and strategic interaction between the domestic interest groups and government officials. They analyzed non- cooperation and cooperation tariff game model, and testified how domestic politics determined the government international goals. In addition, Gould and Woodbine (1998) investigated the dynamic process of trade protection, revenge and trade war. They found that the decision and implementation of foreign retaliation tariff and there trade policy are as same as domestic political process. Trade policy is not determined by exogenous target of government, but by internal competitive interest groups. They concluded that liberalizing, trade protection, and revenge are the interactive process between foreign political power and domestic political power. These analyses will undoubtedly increase understanding the political reasons for trade friction. Sino-US textile trade dispute problem is most typical case. Textile and apparel commodities are the largest exports in Sino-US bilateral trade, because textile has always been regarded as sensitive goods. Therefore problem of Sino-US textile trade between the two countries is very difficult to solve. Since textile trade problems in 1972, the two countries have signed several textile trade agreements. USA protectionists try strong efforts to prevent Chinese textiles into the USA through quota restrictions and other measures in bilateral agreements. After China entered WTFO, Sino-US textile trade entered into a relatively quiet period. But because of increasing textile exports to the United States, America Textile Manufacturers Association constantly accused Chinese manipulation of the RMI exchange rate, which weakening the American textile competition ability and pressed on the Bush government, eventually forced America Ministry of Commerce enabled China-U. S. WTFO Agreement. Once the Chinese textiles disrupted U. S. Market, the export growth rate of the related products would be restricted within 7. 5. In 2003, US government officially implement a one-year guarantee measure to from Chinese three categories of textile products knitted fabric, brassiere and gown, which caused strong protest from China Chamber of Commerce, who pointed out that it violates WTFO regulations. The United States contradict WTFO fundamental purpose and spirit, and cause a negative impact on Sino-US textile trade relations (Petri. Crook, 2007). Due to the transformation and upgrading of the ISIS economic structure, the textile industry and clothing industry declined. Contrarily, Chinas textile industry was quite competitive because of cheap labor force it seemed China will be the biggest benefited party during this trade. Since China Joined the WTFO, US textile industry always kept an eye on Chinas textile industry. They found Chinas production capacity of textile industry kept strengthening. At the same time, benefiting from the cancel of quota restrictions, the unit price of Chinas textile product decreased sharply and the market share of Chinas textile industry increased very fast. US textile industry also thought China took unfair action to compete, which meaning China offering privilege on tariff barrier, market access limitation, technology transfer regulations, confessional loan and other aspect to support the textile industry development. Early 2005, Chinas cheap products flow over into the US market and resulted in 19 factories bankrupting along with 26000 people losing Jobs. Then on April 4, 2005, the US Commerce Department announced to start the special protection procedure against Chinas third kind of textile (including cotton shirts, pants, underwear and other products) for the reason of threat of market disruption, which was the first time to restrict Chinas textile industry export by using special terms since MFC (Multi-Fiber Arrangement) was abolished. On May 18th, the United States Commission on Implementation of Textile Agreements made decision to take special restrictive measures to abandon Chinas textile export. This caused textile trade conflicts teen the US and China. Although Chinas textile export had bad effect on the ISIS textile industry development and employment, the ISIS action was partly haunted by trade protectionism. They provoked the trade conflicts for strategic reasons (Petri. Crook, 2007). The imbalanced industrial structure is deep-seated cause of frequent international trade friction. According to classical theory of international division of labor, the comparative advantage is the foundation of division of labor and cooperation between countries. In this case, all countries play their strengths and make up weakness through trade. The developed countries are at the top of the international division of labor, mainly engaged in production of high value-added products. While developing countries are at the bottom of the international division of labor, they are mainly engaged in the production of low value-added goods. However, due to inconsistencies in balance and economic benefit of economic development between countries, industrial division of labor is not entirely has perfectly competitiveness. On the contrary, driven by economic interests behind the trade, developed countries tend not to give up low-value-added traditional industries. When the developed countries are threatened in these traditional areas, they will take protective measures without hesitation, and then lead to trade friction. For example, America implements consistent protection for its steel industry for decades and caused relevant trade friction. On the other hand, the emerging industrial countries or developing countries want to catch up or stand on ones own need, implement import substitution strategy to enhance the government intervention in trade. In sass, the strategic trade policy is generally accepted by countries. Because the national policy intervention can change their interests in articulation in the international trade, it often leads to retaliatory measures from other countries. At last, the pursuit of profit redistribution causes international trade friction between countries. What are basic principles of American foreign policy Some scholars believed the interests of the State shall be the basis for America foreign policy some scholars considered domestic values as basis of diplomatic behavior. Other scholars believed that, America diplomatic ideas are composed from three opposing ideas, namely the world liberalism, xenophobia and multiculturalism. This pluralism is based on interest group politics. In other word, American foreign policy is results of conflict and negotiation between different types of interest groups, which include economic, political, ideological, cultural, religious and ethnic groups. However, one theory is often cited social and economic base theory of American foreign policy, which is commercial leading theory. Based on this theory, the wealthy capitalists dominated America society, while political competition is essentially the competition between commercial groups. The powerful economic groups manipulate public opinions and democratic and pluralist politics. Foreign policy bureaucracy mainly enrolls elite from legal, financial and commercial background. These people in the office are closely contacting with commercial circles. American interest group scholar David B. Truman pointed out that interest group is group of people holding the same attitude, who have request from other groups. When it passes the requirements to the government institutions, it becomes a political interest group. Interest group politics is an important feature of American politics. To a certain sense, American politics is the interest politics, in which different interest groups eek and protect their own interests by competing for the government policy. Ill. Causes of Sino-US trade Conflicts America steel workers website published an article August 4, 2008 entitled the poison facts unfair trade killer, which reported a 4-year-old American child died of lead poisoning from swallowing China imported shoes pendant. The article listed a large number of China products problems, environmental pollution, enterprises exploiting workers and illegal use of child labor problems. The article cited that lots of children toys are with poison, and Chinese pet food and seafood are contaminated with toxic drugs and poison. It accused China industrial pollution has made cancer as the Chinese number one killer, China pollution spread toward the international diffusion. ASS and NO with acid rain have fallen into Seoul, Tokyo and Los Angels. 3. 1 Economic Factors 3. 1. 1 Trade deficit There is trade imbalance in Sino-USA trade. With the deepening of globalization, China and America are the worlds largest trading nations, and the amount of bilateral trade continues to grow. Chinas surplus on US has continued to increase. USA economist Stilling raised the economic model to testify that, if the deficit is 1. 5 than GNP, there will be intense friction two countries. Than GNP, it will cause retaliatory measures. If 25 to 30 than GNP, then it is not only an economic problem, but also a political problem. In 2005, the Sino-US trade amounted to 211. 6 billion, Chinas surplus on America was 114. 2 billion, accounting for 53. 7 of the total amount of the Sino-US trade. The size of Sino-US trade imbalance has evolved into a political problem. It can be expected in future, trade friction between China and the United States will exist for a long time, and will continuously upgrade. 3. 1. 2 GAP growth The economic downturn causes the revival of new trade protectionism. In recent ears, American economic downturn and Chinese peaceful rise forms a strong contrast. According to preliminary statistics of USA Ministry of Commerce, American economy grew only 1. 3 at the first quarter of 2007, lower than 1. That analysts had expected, which was the lowest over the past four years, while the decline in housing investment is still the main reason of the economic slowdown. Historical experience shows that, trade protectionism has a certain relationship with economic development. So as long as American domestic industry suffer declining competitiveness and recession, trade protectionism will rise again, and Sino-US trade ruction is inevitable. Since sass, global economic growth is get slow, America also entered a recession. The industrial structure transited from traditional industrial economy to high-tech economy. The traditional industry in the economic lost the cost advantage, and high-tech economy cannot quickly open up the market. This will increase the trade deficit. As everyone knows, America trade policy has dual character, namely implementation of free principle in the export trade and protectionism in the import trade, in accordance with the requirements of the so- called fair trade. Economic inflation and unemployment situation will inevitably lead to the enhancement of American trade protection. And due to WTFO-entering effect. There is a rapid increase in exports in China. For Chinas cheap labor resources, Chinas price of labor-intensive products is lower than the price in the international market, which has a strong price advantage, causing a great impact on American labor-intensive industry. Employment in USA sunset industry is greatly reduced. USA politicians dont want this kind of contradiction intensified, and evolved into peoples dissatisfaction with the government.

Poems After the Attack †A September 11th Anthology

Poems After the Attack – A September 11th Anthology In the years since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on America, poets and readers continue to turn to poetry in an effort to make sense of the devastation and the horror of that day. As Don Delillo wrote in Falling Man: A Novel: People read poems. People I know, they read poetry to ease the shock and pain, give them a kind of space, something beautiful in language . . . to bring comfort or composure. This collection comes to you accompanied by our hope that in your grief, anger, fear, confusion, or resolve  these poems offer you grace. Daniel Moore (Abd al-Hayy), â€Å"A Little Ramshackle Shack†Matthew Abuelo, â€Å"Upon 9/11†Adam, â€Å"If Only†Ken Adams aka Dudley Appleton, â€Å"911†Joe Aimone, â€Å"The W After†Cristin OKeefe Aptowicz, â€Å"WTC 9/11†Paula Bardell, â€Å"Silence (over Manhattan)†Tony Beyer, â€Å"In the Wake of America†Michael Brett, â€Å"Tomorrow†Tony Brown, â€Å"Dispatch from the Home Front: Halloween 2001†Penny Cagan, â€Å"September Eleventh†Lorna Dee Cervantes, â€Å"Palestine†David Cochrane, â€Å"Firefighters Prayer†Jim Cohn, â€Å"Ghost Dance†Julie Craig, â€Å"Before and After†Peter Desmond, â€Å"Good Morning, Uzbekistan!†Jesse Glass, â€Å"down†JD Goetz, â€Å"9/11/02†jj goss, â€Å"Aftermath of 9-11†Dorothea Grossman, â€Å"Ruins†Marj Hahne, â€Å"Remembrance† and â€Å"A New York Winter†Mary Hamrick, â€Å"An American Soldierâ € Elizabeth Harrington, â€Å"Normally†Judyth Hill, â€Å"Wage Peace†Michael Hillmer, â€Å"The Lights That Have Vanished†Bob Holman, â€Å"Cement Cloud†Larry Jaffe, â€Å"Will It Be Heard† and â€Å"5000 Souls Leaving†Karen Karpowich, â€Å"In Central Park†Eliot Katz, â€Å"When the Skyline Crumbles†John Kissingford, â€Å"September 12† and â€Å"Image† Doug McClellan, â€Å"Day One†Poet Laureate Billy Collins’ commemorative poem â€Å"The Names† in The New York TimesFormer Poet Laureate Robert Pinsky’s poem â€Å"9/11† in The Washington Postâ€Å"Poetry and Sept. 11: A Guided Anthology† by Robert Pinsky in Slateâ€Å"The Language of War and Peace,† special issue of Big Bridgeâ€Å"Words To Comfort,† a selection of poems and photographs from the NYC benefit readings October 17, 2001 in Jacket 15â€Å"Poems for the Time,† anthology collected by Alicia Ostriker in Moby Livesâ€Å"Poetry and Tragedy,† reactions and poems from the recent Laureates in USA Today

The Organizational Behavior in the IGOs and NGOs Research Paper

The Organizational Behavior in the IGOs and NGOs - Research Paper Example The study of organization behavior has become important as people from different backgrounds and cultural values have to work together efficiently and effectively. Organization behavior also seeks to underscore the understanding of behavior in an organization to develop competencies in foreseeing how individuals in an organization are likely to behave (Duncan and Iyer, 2010). The knowledge gathered from the study of organization behavior is helpful in controlling the behaviors that are not in any way befitting the organization’s objectives. In this regard, the purpose of studying organization behavior is to build better relationships by achieving the objectives of the organization, human objectives as well as the social objectives. The study of organization behavior is particularly important for intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and the non-governmental organizations (NGO). This is because understanding the how people behave in an organization will help managers make adju stments where necessary. This paper will explore the concepts of organizational behavior to IGOs and NGOs. Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) are international organizations with states being their members, and whose decision-making authority lies with the representatives from member states (Dupey and Vierucci, 2008). These organizations are also supranational in the sense that different states gives up some of their sovereignty when they agree to abide by any agreements they engage in by joining the organization. A non-governmental organization (NGO) on the other hand is a legally formed organization by natural or legal persons and functions independently from any form of government according to Dupey and Vierucci (2008). NGOs maintain their status as such by excluding government representatives from its membership. These organizations do not operate on profit motive. Relevance of concept of Organization Behavior to IGOs and NGOs Organization Culture Organizational culture refe rs to a system of shared belief and values that grows within a business and shapes the behavior of its stakeholders (Campion, 2001). An organization culture is typically created by leadership within an organization, often defined through the mission statement, shaped and sustained by the organizational policies, structure and procedures and the relationships among staff and between management of the staff (Pomsuwan, 2007). Every organization has a different organization culture. The corporate culture of IGOs and NGOs for instance, does not operate on profit motive. The corporate culture of these organizations mainly requires their employees to do what is expected of them but not the inputs. This is because these organizations are not for profit. For instance, when it comes to the provision of humanitarian assistance by these organizations, employees are only expected top do their job as defined by the mission statement of these organization. Indeed a careful scrutiny of the corporat e cultures of NGOs and IGOs reveals certain loopholes that need improvement for these organizations to function effectively. One aspect that needs to be changed in the corporate culture of NGOs to improve their functionality is the belief exerted upon employees that the organization is not for profit. This is because such beliefs create laziness and other unethical behaviors within an organization. For this reason, a new culture should be introduced that encourages employees and

Analysis essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis - Essay Example The beauty industry as the larger whole includes many other components such as fashion, weight reduction, cosmetics, etc. In the same way, beauty which is a culturally constructed ideal, is a part of the wider concept of femininity. The understanding of femininity is similarly culturally oriented, and it relates to the practices, identities, and representations of what is means to be a ‘woman’ in any society or culture. 1. In this research, it has been the aim of the authors to investigate the work that is done in beauty salons. The salon has been selected as the best place in which the attainment of femininity, its definition and successful achievement are key factors. In the beauty salon, the secret routines of femininity are commodified and exemplified. These feminised spaces have been overlooked in the development of social theorising. The authors try to cover this deficiency in social research. 2. The authors try to investigate the commodified nature of bodily maintenance. Their wide-ranging aims include: the extension of the leisure industry into this bodily arena; the relationships and micro-activities of the everyday world of the salon; the professional claims, rhetoric, and investment of the trade’s emotional labour on the part of the beauty therapist. 3. The main objective of this article is to investigate the relationship between feminism, beauty and femininity. Examination of claims to professional status within the beauty industry, investigating beauty therapy as work, rather than as a cultural institution. The beauty industry slowly revealed itself as a multi-faceted phenomenon, which could be investigated in several ways. 1. Femininity is an ambiguous concept. Class, age and ethnicity alter the way femininity is defined and experienced. There is no single way in which femininity can be taken into consideration. There do exist generalized beliefs about the culturally acceptable forms

Personal Activity Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Activity Plan - Essay Example Health care policies had been introduced and implemented by the US government to apparently lessen the cost of health care cost and insurance. However, these policies had not been successful in its goals. There were also attempts on health reforms but were found to be more risky such that new policies will have to be created and implemented. Various issues in the health care system had arisen affecting the health care system, thus increasing the dilemma in managing individual spending on health care. The Six Dimensions of Health has been one among the various promotions that the government had been trying to endorse profoundly such that this program may aid individuals in attaining a practically healthy condition. Physical, social, spiritual, environmental, emotional and intellectual health, are regarded as the main factors affecting wellness. Being fully aware of each dimension contribute to an individual's overall wellness. As a health care consumer, one should be aware of the different ways in which one could obtain an optimum health care in return of the high expenditures tied up with it. On the other hand, one must also be responsible in taking an utmost care of his own physical being as opposed to leaving everything to health care professionals. Physical health involves a person's ability to take care of the minor illnesses as well as knowing the time in which there is already a need to seek the help of a health care professional such as physicians. The need to personally monitor one's own vital signs such as temperature, respiration, and others, contribute to ones attainment of an assured physical health ("Six Dimensions," para 1) In the past, self-care was limited to monitoring ones temperature alone. But as the demand for a healthy condition increases which tags along extremely high cost, several self-care kits and machines are available in the market. These materials had been able to help indiv iduals manage their health conditions personally at a lower cost with similar accuracy as those that were facilitated by the physicians. Moreover, these materials free individuals from worries concerning their condition whenever they feel something unusual. At the same time, self-help groups had sprung in order to help individuals change the aspect of health care. Considering these facts, personal physical health care had extremely developed from that of visiting health care clinics for check-ups and testing to that of being personally responsible through self-care and self-help tools and groups which may range from understanding the relationship that exist between the individual and the environment, nutrition and the body's functions. An individual's responsibility on physical wellness does not simply involve self-prescription of medicines as deemed necessary but basically knowing the appropriate preventive measures against certain diseases. In the long run, physical wellness may i mprove not only the individual's health condition but the ability to be fully responsible in ones health acquiring a particular discipline towards health that may be passed on the next generation. Man, being a social animal has a need to become socially healthy as well. An individual must achieve a harmonious relationship with the environment that

Accounting field project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Accounting field project - Essay Example At times, accountants face maximum external as well as organisational pressures with respect to maintenance of professional and ethical values. Particularly with respect to areas such as tax, accountants require constantly balancing the ethical responsibilities with the professional duties in order to serve clients as per their preferences (Shafer 261-273). As an accounting student, I want to discuss the challenges face by accountants while balancing ethical responsibilities with professional duties. I want to encourage the readers that accountants require to fulfil and honest the expectations of clients in terms of maintaining the ethical standards. In this essay, I will specifically discuss about the issue of conflict in taxation, which in turn puts extreme pressure on the accountants and makes them to face a lot of challenges. In present day’s competitive business environment, organisations are found to remain under huge pressure while attaining their respective intended business objectives. Employees who succeed in satisfying these objectives are rewarded by huge monetary benefits and those failing to respond with the same will be punished with low pay and in worst-case situation, loss of employment. In this similar context, accountants are also hired in order to act uniformly for the beneficiary of the organisations and failure to do so can result in loss of honestly. Fulfilling the organisational objectives at certain times pressure the accountants to act in such a way, which seem unethical for accountants. According to the report published by both American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) as well as the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), accounting professionals, particularly in developing economies feel increased pressure to perform unethically. During the t ime of economic slowdown, accountants feel much pressure in compromising ethical standards in order to make sure the

Argument by Authority Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Argument by Authority - Essay Example It is premised on the assumption that the game (obviously an NBA game), the guys and Bacardi Gold always go together. It supported this thesis by stressing at the game, guys and friendship is made â€Å"golden† by Bacardi. Therefore, its audience should get drunk with Bacardi Gold to enjoy friendship while viewing a game (youtube 2010). In this commercial, it is not only the arguments (if it is even considered as one) that is dubious, but the elements as well. First, alcohol and a wholesome game such as basketball do not mix. Second, it is hard to enjoy a game when a person is sober. The maker of this commercial did not make a research that alcohol is a downer and a game raises one’s adrenaline, so how could one enjoy both? Above all, an alcohol company is never an authority about friendship; of what constitutes it and of how to qualify it. What Bacardi is suggesting is an alcohol binge between friends so that its product will be patronized. Friendship in the first place is not founded on alcohol. Bacardi can however defy logic by claiming to be an authority of friendship and a game. After all, it delivers the subtle message that it is an authority by mentioning that it is an official marketing partner of NBA so it must know what it is talking

Why are there so many nursing organizations Is the large number of Essay

Why are there so many nursing organizations Is the large number of nursing assocations a value or a hindrance to the Profession - Essay Example Previous years have attested that there were increased global demand for nurses with vast opportunities in terms of financial remuneration and career opportunities. The lucrative prospects given to nursing graduates and immediate placement in hospitals and health care institutions all over the world invited more students to pursue the nursing career. With various international hospitals requiring nursing staff from various cultural orientations, the nursing associations flourished to give nurses the options to choose based on nurse values and principles. These associations professionalize the standards expected of nursing and regulate the quality of health care to be adhered to under ethical and moral codes. When the number of positions was ultimately filled globally, nursing institutions and associations continue to accept applications for nurses without enough local, state or federal jurisdictions to monitor and control the supply. The effect was oversupply of nurses that could not be employed. Further, young graduates fresh from nursing associations were deemed lacking in health care experience and in the required high quality of patient care. Without enough hospitals or health care institutions to accept these young nurses to further their exposure, actual training and experience in health care, problems with employment currently arise.

Argument by Authority Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Argument by Authority - Essay Example It is premised on the assumption that the game (obviously an NBA game), the guys and Bacardi Gold always go together. It supported this thesis by stressing at the game, guys and friendship is made â€Å"golden† by Bacardi. Therefore, its audience should get drunk with Bacardi Gold to enjoy friendship while viewing a game (youtube 2010). In this commercial, it is not only the arguments (if it is even considered as one) that is dubious, but the elements as well. First, alcohol and a wholesome game such as basketball do not mix. Second, it is hard to enjoy a game when a person is sober. The maker of this commercial did not make a research that alcohol is a downer and a game raises one’s adrenaline, so how could one enjoy both? Above all, an alcohol company is never an authority about friendship; of what constitutes it and of how to qualify it. What Bacardi is suggesting is an alcohol binge between friends so that its product will be patronized. Friendship in the first place is not founded on alcohol. Bacardi can however defy logic by claiming to be an authority of friendship and a game. After all, it delivers the subtle message that it is an authority by mentioning that it is an official marketing partner of NBA so it must know what it is talking

Starbucks Corporation Essay Example for Free

Starbucks Corporation Essay Starbucks founded in 1987 as a modest nine-store operation in Seattle, Washington and quickly became the premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffees in the world with over 17,400 store locations in more than 55 countries (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, Strickland, 2014). The company first got its start in 1971 when three academics all decided upon opening a coffee store in touristy Pikes Place Market in Seattle. The three academics; Jerry Baldwin an English teacher, Zev Siegel a History teacher and Gordon Bowker a writer were all coffee aficionados (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, Strickland, 2014). They all enjoyed, love and shared a passion for fine coffees and exotic teas as they believed they could build a clientele in Seattle that would appreciate the best coffees and teas. The case tells us that the store was an immediate success, with sales exceeding expectations. The company ordered its coffee bean supplies from a specialty coffee retailer in Berkeley, California but towards the end of the year the partners purchased a used roaster from Holland, set up roasting operations in a nearby ramshackle building, and came up with their own blends and flavors (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, Strickland, 2014). The case tells us that by 1980s the company had four Starbucks stores in the Seattle area and had been profitable every year since opening its doors. A few decades on, April 2012, annual sales were expected to exceed $13 billion in that fiscal year (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, Strickland, 2014). Howard Schultz who was vice president and general manager of U.S operations for a Swedish marker of stylish kitchen equipment and coffeemakers, decided to pay Starbucks a visit (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, Strickland, 2014).  The case tells us that he was awed by the violinist playing at the door, the powerful and pleasing aroma of coffees, and the wall displaying coffee beans. After just three sips of the brew, Schultz was hooked and he began talking to the owner and was intrigued by the business philosophy of the partners. After tough negotiations, Schultz was finally hired as head of marketing and oversing retail stores. Schultz was overflowed with ideas for the company and how to move the company forward (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, Strickland, 2014). A trip to Milan Italy allowed him to explore coffee bars and learned an immense deal about the Italian passion for coffee. The trip showed him the potential of Starbucks as he then approached the owners hopefully of improving the company. The owners reject Schultz ideas as they felt it would put the core values of the companies in shadows however they did allow him to test an espresso bar which became a huge success. At the time the owners did not share similar view with Schultz so he decided to leave to start his own coffee and espresso bar named II Giornale Coffee Company. This venture became a huge success and expansion across the United State happened immediately. After much success Schultz went back and acquired Starbucks and had numerous improvement plans for the coffee company. The first of the improvement strategy was going public, followed by making Starbucks a third place where customers could enjoy coffee, surf the internet, read, or catch up with friends (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, Strickland, 2014). Another Strategy was to make Starbucks a great place to work. This strategy in my opinion was one of the key strategies in the turnaround of the company. After years of success, Schultz relinquished his role as CEO and retained his position as chairmen of the companys board of directors and assumed the role of chief strategic officer. The sharp economic downturn in late 2008 and early 2009 that affected much of the worlds economy hit the coffee company hard. The company began experiencing slow customer traffic and a decline in stock prices, Schultz was asked to return to his role as CEO and lead a radical restricting and revitalization initiative. This case study focuses on Starbucks, with respect to human capital and resources in the pursuit of strategy  implementation. There will be an analysis of how effectively the company implemented its turnaround strategy and how effectively Starbucks utilized human capital to implement its strategy. In conclusion of this paper, there will be recommendations for effectiveness in future implementations at Starbucks. Implementation of Starbuck’s Turnaround Strategy The return of Schultz saw him focus on three different themes; strengthen the core, elevate the experience and lastly, invest and grow. The implementation included various strategies which involved; slowing the pace of opening new stores, closing underperforming stores, restructuring the companys store operations in Australia, creating new designs for future Starbucks stores globally, enhancing the customer experience, providing additional resources and tools for employees, undertaking a rigorous cost-containment program, and renewing attention to employee training and reigniting enthusiasm on the part of employees to customer. The case tells us that 800 underperforming stores in the United States and 100 additional stores in other countries were closed. The company even trimmed its workforce by about 6,700 employees. From further analysis it was clear to see that Schultzs investment in growth played a huge part in the turnaround. The company implemented this strategy by choosing to open new stores in Asia with Japan and China being the primary destinations (Starbucks Corporation, 2012). Japan became the biggest foreign market while China was seen as the most significant growth opportunity (Starbucks Corporation, 2012). With the implementation process in action, the company was on the path to profitability once again and long term growth. In 2010 Sales at Starbucks operated stores worldwide improved in the most recent five quarters, customer traffic increased by 3% in United States, net revenues increased by 8.6% and net income increased from $25 million in 2009 to $217.3 million in 2010 (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, Strickland, 2014). Utilizing Human Capital at Starbucks In any business the concept of human capital can be interpreted in many ways. One of them could be looking at the person or employees as an asset; as a resource that belongs to the company and from which they can demand all  its capacity and commitment (Marimuthu Arokiasamy, 2009). In this case it is without a doubt clearly evident that Starbucks greatest asset was Howard Schultz and through him the employees. Schultz was able to make the company profitable on a few different occasions which the case explains thoroughly. Schultz understood the concept of what coffee means to coffee drinkers. A trip to Italy where he saw how passionate Italians were when it came to coffee shops made him understand that the success of any coffee shop depended heavily on customers experience. With this in mind, he made sure that part of the companys values was to ensure every employee is well educated and knowledgeable about the companys products. They employees paid close attention to detail when preparing espresso drinks, eagerly communicated the companys passion for coffee, possessed the skills and personality to deliver consistent and outstanding customer service. The employees within the company all received at least 24 hours training on topics like coffee history, drink preparation, coffee knowledge, customer service, retail skills, and Brewing the perfect cup workshop to better prepare them for their day to day task. He was able to utilize the employees further by rewarding employees in a manner that would make them want to work for the company and generate a level of enthusiastic commitment and high levels of customer service which he felt was key to the turnaround strategy. He created a highly motivated workforce and emphasized the fact that employees can put their trust on the management team. The case gives many examples of why winning employee loyalty and commitment to the companys mission would retain employees. In one situation, he heard an employee requested to extend health insurance benefits to part-time employees which were turned down by pervious management team. He personally proposed to the board that a reduction in turnover would reduce the cost of hiring and training, the plan was then approved and part-time employees were offered health insurance. Schultzs next plan was to pursue a stock option plan for employees as he believed that it would have a positive, long-term effect on the success of Starbucks (Starbucks, 2012). The idea behind this was turning employees into partners invested in companys performance. The employees were offered stock options awards based on the success and profitability of the financial year, and the size of the employees base for the purchase of  stock through regular payroll deductions (Starbucks, 2012). He ultimately had a clear understanding that happy employees provide exceptional customer service to customers which in turn gains customer loyalty and brings in revenue. Recommendation Based on the brief analysis which was carried out on this case study it was somewhat easy to come up with recommendations which Starbucks may wish to consider for future implementation effectiveness. The companys growth strategy and objects have proven to be a huge success. I am a big believer in if it is not broken do not fix it. However with that said no matter how good a strategy may be it can always be improved upon. The company should continue to focus on customer satisfaction and ensuring customers have a positive store experience. This is what has given the company so much success over the years so a suggestion will be to build on this strategy. The company could survey customers to gain a better understanding of how they can improve customer experience within the various stores (Marks, 2014). Starbucks could even go deeper with their products by having a customer data base that allows consumers to quickly get their daily coffee once in a Starbucks. This data base can be something whereby once a customer gives their phone number a list of previous coffee which they have bought would appear to the employee (Marks, 2014). I believe this will speed up the process for some customers who would like a Starbucks but do not want to wait for it. Another recommendation will be for Starbucks to create a mega store in some big cities (Koehn, n.d). This mega store can geared towards strictly customer experience and educating customers where their coffee is from, showing how it is made and even amusement centers where customers and children can interact. This recommendation may seem unrealistic however I feel in order to maintain a competitive advantage a company must continue to think outside the box and beyond what their competitors are doing. References Koehn. N (n.d) Whats next for Starbucks. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/videos/2013-04-25/what-s-next-for-starbucks Marimuthu, M. Arokiasamy, L (2009). Human capital development and its impact on firm performance. Retrieve from

Human Population Growth And Its Effect Environmental Sciences Essay

Human Population Growth And Its Effect Environmental Sciences Essay Population growth can be defined as an increase or decrease in the population size of living species including human beings. Human populations are also subject to natural process of birth and death. There has been a rapid increase in the worlds human population over the last few decades (UNFPA, 2011). Unless urgent steps are taken to control population, serious problems can arise like environment damage and limited availability of food resources. Continuous population growth can be problem and therefore it is important to understand how we can manage population growth for the benefit of all. Human beings have tried to make food resources available for all the population in many ways. Starting from the industrial revolution, advances in modern medicine, and green agriculture revolution have all made us self sufficient so far. However such technology development cannot go forever and therefore unless we manage population a day may come when all resources will be finished. At present there are two school of thought for the theories on population growth. The first is the pessimistic view developed by Reverend Robert Malthus, a British scholar who believed that the resources available will not be sufficient for human beings if human population is not controlled. The other theory is the optimistic view developed by Julian Simon who believed that humans can manage the issue of population because of their knowledge and skills. Therefore this paper will discuss these two theories for population growth and their effect on the resources and environment of the earth. II. Factors affecting population growth The population growth is determined mainly by birth rate, death rate, and migration patterns (immigration and emigration). For instance the population in the developed countries like Europe and America is growing at rate of only 0.1% per year while in developing countries the growth rate is over 1.5% per year. (Wright and Boorse,2011) (UNDP). In developing countries where manual labour is still considered main source of labour, children form part of the labour force and therefore families tend to have more children. Similarly when the pension system is not good, people tend to raise more children to look after during old age. Wherever women are more educated and take lead role in household income activities, there tend to be less number of children raised. In areas where traditions, culture and customs are respected population tend to be higher due to less use of contraceptives. III. Impacts of population growth Although it may be difficult to measure the carrying capacity for humans on earth (Cohen, 1995) scientists have estimated the carrying capacity at around 7.7 billion people (Van Den Bergh and Rietveld, 2004). It is now estimated that the world population will be around 9.1 billion by the year 2050. The very high population growth has raised concerns that the planet may not be able to sustain such population in the long run. Increasing population will mean increased demand for food, water, and other resources such as fossil fuel. The impact of population growth can be seen by everyone who care for the world that we live in. Over the last few decades there has been large scale destruction of the tropical forests mainly to make land available for agriculture and for urbanization. In order to produce enough food to meet the demand of growing population, forests have been cleared to undertake farming. Due to increased industrialization and urbanization, there has been great increase in th e pollution of air, water and the environment of the planet. Growing population will result in the depletion of natural resources such as water, fossil fuels (Hubert, 1982); deforestation and loss of ecosystems; and emergence of new diseases. It will also lead to more starvation, hunger and unhygienic living conditions in poor countries. IV. Factors affecting environment Environment means our surroundings in which all the things, living or non living, which includes atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water), lithosphere (solid earth), biosphere (all living organisms), and geosphere (rocks and regoliths). Numerous factors affect our environment which includes anthropogenic activities such as urbanization, industrialization, deforestation, overpopulation, and use of fossil fuels. Natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanoes, cyclones, landslide and floods can also negatively affect the environment. V. Relationship between environment and population growth Humans are an integral part of the eco-system of nature and there is close interconnection between human beings and environment. Ever since life existed humans have been depending on their environment for food, shelter, and other necessities. There is an inverse relationship existing between population growth and environment as overpopulation will lead to adverse effect on the environment. As human population increase, there is also increase in the demand for food and other energy sources. It is essential that the population is maintained at a level so that the natural resources are sufficient to meet the requirement for survival of all living beings. VI. Neo-Malthusian or pessimistic views on population growth Malthusian theories or pessimistic theories on population growth was derived from the ideas of Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, a British scholar who wrote series of essays on the principles of population. There were six editions of his An Essay on the Principle of Population (published from 1798 to 1826) in which he said that if the human population growth is left unchecked the food supply will not be sufficient to meet the needs of humans. He proposed the idea that while human population grew exponentially, the food resources grew only arithmetically. He also believed that population will be controlled naturally by disease, famine and mortality. This was called as the pessimistic model of population growth. Malthus believed in using preventive checks such as abstinence, delayed marriage and restricting marriages in order to control population growth. Some people criticized Malthuss theory based on the fact that there has been an enhanced agricultural production and reduced human fer tility over the past few decades since the publication of his theories. However, many still believe in his theory that if left unchecked, population growth can pose serious problems for resource availability (Cristina, 2010). Neo-Malthusianism These are groups who also believe in the theories of Malthus and encourage population control programs for the present and future benefit of human beings. The Neo-Malthusians view however differ from Malthus in their belief on the use of contraceptive techniques for the birth control measures. The neo-Malthusians or the pessimistic view had more concerns about the effect that population growth would have on environmental degradation. While they supported the theories put forward by Malthus, this group of people strongly supported the idea of actively controlling population growth in order to prevent adverse impact on the environment. This pessimistic group are concerned about the effect overpopulation may have on resource depletion and environmental degradation. There has been a general revival in neo-Malthusian ideologies from the 1950s onwards especially after the publication of series of books by some Malthusian supporters such as Fairfield Osborn (Our Plundered Planet), William V ogt (Road to Survival) and Paul Ehrlich (The Population Bomb). Although many critics of neo-Malthusianism criticize the revival of this theory based on fact that the green revolution has led to sufficient food production, Pessimists such as Paul Ehrlich believe that unchecked population will ultimately lead to serious problems in the future (Ehrlich, 2009). Neo-Malthusian or the pessimistic view is more about the positive checks but Malthusian said that there is balance between both positive and negative checks. Technological or Optimistic views on population growth. The optimistic model of population growth was proposed by Julian Simon who in his book The Ultimate Resource (1981) argued that as resources become scarce the price goes up which in turn creates incentives for people to discover new source or find alternatives for the resource. Simon also claims in his book that the natural resources are infinite based on the justification that innovative methods can be used to make natural resources available. Increasing population growth and reduced resources make people to create innovations and inventions to produce more food and all basic needs. The optimistic view said that science and technology can overcome scarcity problems. Esther Boserup (1910-1999)-Danish economist said necessity is the mother of invention. So, humanity will always find a way to overcome their problems. The optimistic view also said that more people means more alternatives to find new materials and discover ways to do things. Discussion It can be seen from the above paragraphs that population growth can impact on the state of environment of our planet. Of the two theories on population growth, I support the neo-malthusian theory of pessimistic views based on the following justifications. Deforestation for agriculture If the human population growth is left unchecked, a day might come when the earths resources will not be able to sustain the requirements of human beings. As overpopulation will demand increasing food, energy, and other resources, humans will engage in activities that will directly affect our environment and ecosystem. For instance, about 160,000 square kilometers per of tropical rainforests are cleared for agricultural use thus resulting in loss of habitat for the biodiversity (Laurance, 1999). Such loss of forests will contribute to global warming and other negative effects on environment. Urbanization/industrialization In order to meet the growing demand of increasing population, humans have been using technologies such as industrialization for enhanced production of food and other needs. Increased industrialization and urbanization results in air pollution, noise pollution, and water pollution which are all detrimental to our environment. Increased urbanization will also mean clearance of forests for construction of roads, buildings etc. which further adds to pollution. Depletion of non-renewable natural resources and emission of green house gases Uncontrolled growth of population will lead to rapid depletion of non-renewable natural resources such as fossil fuels which are used as source of energy. The burning of fossil fuel i.e. carbon based fuels, mainly wood, coal, oil and natural gas produces significant amount of CO2 which is one of the main green house gases that contributes to global warming (International Energy Outlook, 2000). The green house effect maintains the earth at comfortable temperature range but if there is excessive release of CO2 and other harmful gases from the industries and factories, the green house gases gets easily out of control and will lead to so many problems like continental drift, climate change, natural disasters and variations of suns out put. Loss of biodiversity and habitat Due to growing population, especially in the rural areas of developing countries, people practising shifting cultivation undertake slash-and-burn techniques which results in the extinction of native flora and fauna. It has been reported that nearly 140,000 species are lost every year due to deforestation activities (Pimm, Russell, Gittleman and Brooks, 1995). Therefore, if population growth is not controlled, increasing human activities will further result in destruction of the habitat and loss of biodiversity. In Bhutan, human-wildlife especially human-elephant conflict is increasing and this is mainly due to the loss of habitat for the elephants due to increasing human population and activities (Kuensel, 19 May 2012). IX. Solutions There is a need to find solutions to decrease the problems associated with overpopulation and environmental degradation. The governments around the world should have policies to decrease the population growth rate by increasing use of birth control measures. The governments should also frame good policies to protect forests and environment and prevent loss of natural habitat. Innovative ideas and research should be done to increase food production without disturbing the environment. The governments should increase funding for education and awareness of especially the poor people for them to protect and take care of their environment. X. Conclusions In conclusion overpopulation can lead to problems in the form of depleting natural resources, environmental pollution and degradation, and loss of habitat. Therefore, urgent steps need to be taken to manage human population growth to a level that can be managed well. The theories founded by Reverend Malthus can be still followed because the natural resources available now may not be sufficient in the future if we do not control human population growth. XI. References Cristina Luiggi. (2010). Still Ticking. The Scientist 24 (12): 26. Hubbert, M.K. Techniques of Prediction as Applied to Production of Oil and Gas, US Department of Commerce, NBS Special Publication 631, May 1982. International Energy Outlook 2000, Energy Information Administration, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. (2000) Joel Cohen, How Many People Can the Earth Support? (New York: Norton, 1995) J. Van Den Bergh and P. Rietveld, Reconsidering the Limits to World Population: Meta-analysis and Meta-predictions, Bioscience 54, no 3 (2004): 195. Kuensel, 19 May 2012, Page 22. Laurance, W. F. 1999. Reflections on the tropical deforestation crisis. Biological Conservation 91: 109-117. Paul R. Ehrlich; Anne H. Ehrlich (2009). The Population Bomb Revisited. Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development 1(3): 6371. Retrieved 2010-02-01. S.L. Pimm, G.J. Russell, J.L. Gittleman and T.M. Brooks, The Future of Biodiversity, Science 269: 347350 (1995). Sahney, S. , Benton, M.J. Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica (PDF). Geology 38 (12): 10791082. doi:10.1130/G31182.1. Tilman D., Fargione J., Wolff B., DAntonio C., Dobson A., Howarth R., Schindler D., Schlesinger W. H., Simberloff D. et al. (2001). Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science 292: 281284. doi:10.1126/science.1057544. PMID11303102. United nations Population Fund, 2011 (http://www.unfpa.org/swp/ ) Wright and Boorse. (2011). Environmental Science.